T E N S E S
I. PRESENT
1. Simple Present Tense
POLA:
| Subject + Verb 1 + …. They / We I / You | Subject + Verb s-es + …. He / She It |
FUNGSI:
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang – ulang dan terus menerus.
Contoh :
The students go to school everyday. She studies English twice a week. I go to church on Sundays We celebrate our independence day once in a year. b. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth).
Contoh:
The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. The earth revolves round the sun. The pineapple never grows up on a tree. c. Digunakan dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.
When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing on her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.
KETERANGAN WAKTU:
- Every morning/day/week/month/year
- Once, twice, three times, four times, …
- Adverb of frequency : always, usually, sometimes, often, never, seldom.
2. Present Continuous Tense
POLA :
| Subyek + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing |
FUNGSI;
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu diucapkan.
Contoh:
They are still playing at the moment. She is reading a novel now.- Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan diucapkan.
Contoh:
I am learning French this year. Mr. Brown is teaching English. KETERANGAN WAKTU: Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.
Note : Ketika ada kata kerja seperti: Look!, Listen!, Watch!, Notice! ( Imperative), maka tenses
nya Present Continuous.
Contoh: * Look! The man is climbing.
* Listen! The girls next door are singing my favourite song.
3. Present Perfect Tense
POLA:
| Subject + Have + Verb 3 + …. Has |
FUNGSI :
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan waktunya tidak tertentu.
Contoh :
William Shakespeare has written many short stories. I have swept the floor. It looks clean now.- Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh:
My friends and I have gone to Shinta has visited her grand parents many times. KETERANGAN WAKTU: Since, for, just (baru saja), already, yet, so far.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
POLA :
| Subject + Have + Been + Verb-ing Has |
FUNGSI :
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang mulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan sampai sekarang masih berlangsung.
Contoh:
My sister has been studying English for three months. The students have been doing the test since KETERANGAN WAKTU: For, since.
5. Simple Past Tense
POLA:
| Subject + Verb 2 + Object + …. |
FUNGSI:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Contoh:
I met my music teacher yesterday. My mother bought a new carpet last Sunday. Rendy closed the window five minutes ago. The students presented their project work this morning. KETERANGAN WAKTU:
- Last …. - …ago - This afternoon
- Just now - This morning - Yesterday
6. Past Continuous Tense
POLA:
| Subject + was + Verb- ing were |
FUNGSI:
- Untuk menggambarkan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Contoh:
I was studying at my friend’s house. My parents were chatting in the living room.- Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau, dimana peristiwa lain juga terjadi .
Contoh:
When I was studying, someone knocked the door. When I was walking to school, I met Dian sastro.7. Past Perfect tense
POLA:
| Subject + Had + Verb 3 |
FUNGSI:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi sebelum kegiatan lain di waktu lampau muncul.
Contoh:
The teachers went home after they had finished teaching. When I arrived Kridosono, my favourite artist had performed. KETERANGAN WAKTU: when, after, before.
8. Future Tense
POLA:
| Subject + shall + Verb 1 + … will |
FUNGSI:
- Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.
Contoh:
Bobby will come here tomorrow. I shall call my parents when I get home.- Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa mendatang yangbukan merupakan keinginan atau kehendak.
Contoh:
Tomy will be fourteen years old next year. We shall die one day. KETERANGAN WAKTU: Tomorrow, next week/month/year, the day after tomorrow.
Future Perfect Tense
| I will have sung |
The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.
How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?
The structure of the future perfect tense is:
| subject | + | auxiliary verb WILL | + | auxiliary verb HAVE | + | main verb |
| | invariable | | invariable | | past participle | |
| will | have | V3 | ||||
Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:
| | subject | auxiliary verb | | auxiliary verb | main verb | |
| + | I | will | | have | finished | by |
| + | You | will | | have | forgotten | me by then. |
| - | She | will | not | have | gone | to school. |
| - | We | will | not | have | left. | |
| ? | Will | you | | have | arrived? | |
| ? | Will | they | | have | received | it? |
In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:
| I will have | I'll have | I'll've |
| you will have | you'll have | you'll've |
| he will have she will have it will have | he'll have she'll have it'll have | he'll've she'll've it'll've |
| we will have | we'll have | we'll've |
| they will have | they'll have | they'll've |
 | |
|
How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?
The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:
- The train will leave the station at
| The train will have left when you arrive. | ||||||||
| past | present | future | ||||||
| | | Train leaves in future at | ||||||
| ||||||||
| | | You arrive in future at | ||||||
Look at some more examples:
- You can call me at work at
- They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
- "Mary won't be at home when you arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"
You can sometimes think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of your viewpoint being in the present, it is in the future:
| present perfect tense | | future perfect tense | ||||
| | | have | done | > | | | | | | will | have | done | > | |
| | | | ||||
| past | now | future | | past | now | future |
Teks
Narrative
In Indonesia Narrative Text adalah teks yang berisi tentang sebuah cerita atau dongeng (bisa berupa cerita rakyat (folktale), cerita binatang (fable), Legenda (legend), cerita pendek, dll). Di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian. Fungsi utama teks ini adalah untuk menghibur pembaca.
In English Narrative Text is the text which contains about a story or fairy tale (could be folklore (folktale), an animal story (fable), Legenda (Legend), short stories, etc.). Inside there is a conflict / top issue, followed by completion. The main function of this text is to entertain readers.
Generic Structure:
Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) – Resolution
Orientation:
berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)
Complication:
Berisi puncak masalah/konflik dalam cerita. Sebuah cerita boleh memiliki complication lebih dari satu
Evaluation:
ini merupakan optional (boleh ada boleh tidak), biasanya dipakai untuk membuat jalan cerita lebih menarik.
Resolution:
Pemecahan masalah. Bisa berakhir dengan kegembiraan (happy ending) bisa pula berakhir dengan kesedihan (sad ending).Descriptive text
In Indonesia Teks Descriptive adalah teks yang isinya mendiskripsikan sesuatu/ seseorang secara spesifik.
In English Descriptive text is text whose contents describing something / someone specific.
Generic Structure:
identification – description
Identification:
berisi identifikasi tentang topik yang akan dideskripsikan
Description:
berisi deskripsi rinci tentang bagian-bagiannya, misalnya tentang physical appearance (ciri-ciri fisik), sifat-sifatnya (characteristics) dll.
Tenses yang digunakan adalah Present tense.
